Brain Injury How to recognize and treat it

Brain Injury How to recognize and treat it

Harvey E. Jacobs, Ph.D. and Flora Hammond, M.D.

Brain injury tbi treatment  information and tips for families, caregivers, veterans and clinicians on the causes, symptoms, treatment and recovery of adults with acquired brain injury due to internal and external causes. Using clear language for families and caregivers, this tip card describes treatment of: traumatic brain injury, anoxia (hypoxia), stroke or cardiovascular accidents (CVA), aneurysm, toxemia, viruses and bacterial infections in the brain.

Item: B101
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Full Description

This user friendly guide and information sheet helps families and caregivers recognize and understand the various types of acquired brain injuries. There is a detailed list of physical, cognitive, communication, emotional and behavioral symptoms that may occur due to a brain injury.

This tip card is extremely helpful for clinicians and physicians to use with families to help them understand the various types of acquired brain injuries and the range of symptoms and effects that may cause impairments or disabilities. It is also recommended for information packets, family education programs, support groups, and in-service training.

Details
Item B101
Pages 8
Year 2009

Authors

Harvey E. Jacobs, Ph.D.

Dr. Jacobs has special expertise in behavioral rehabilitation for individuals with neurological, psychiatric, medical and developmental disorders. He is a national leader and expert in the treatment of behavior disorders following brain injury. His innovative programs have addressed community integration, social support networks, vocational rehabilitation, behavioral rehabilitation, and psychiatric rehabilitation.

 

Throughout his practice, Dr. Jacobs has worked with persons of diverse ages ranging from pediatrics to geriatrics. A gifted writer and trainer, he is well known for his pragmatic approach to treatment in the community. In 2005, he joined Lash and Associates as Vice President and Director of Training.

 

Flora Hammond, M.D.

Dr. Hammond is the Research Director and Brain Injury Program Director at Carolinas Rehabilitation in Charlotte, NC where she also serves as Principal Investigator and Project Director of the Carolinas Traumatic Brain Injury Model System grant funded by the National Institute on Disability Rehabilitation and Research. Much of her research on traumatic brain injury has focused on outcome prediction, post-traumatic irritability, depression, relationships, and motor and cognitive recovery over time. Her excellence in research, teaching, and administration were acknowledged by her receipt of the 2001 Young Academician Award from the Association of Academic Physiatrists (AAP).

Contents

This tip card helps readers…

  • Identify causes and effects
  • Recognize signs and symptoms
  • Find help and treatment

Types of Acquired Brain Injuries

  • Traumatic Brain Injuries
  • Anoxia (also called Hypoxia)
  • Stroke or Cardiovascular Accidents (CVA)
  • Aneurysm
  • Toxemia
  • Viruses and Bacteria

Recognizing Brain Injuries

  • Physical symptoms
  • Cognitive (thinking and learning) symptoms
  • Communication symptoms
  • Emotional/Behavioral symptoms

What to Do if You Suspect a Brain Injury

 

Conclusion

 

References

Excerpts

Sample excerpt. Preview only – please do not copy.

Traumatic Brain Injuries

A traumatic brain injury occurs when an outside force (trauma) injures the brain.   Most traumatic brain injuries occur from falls, motorcycle or car crashes, fights, sporting events or other physical contact.   The brain can be injured when the head hits, or is hit by, something hard or immovable.   The blow’s force may result in the brain striking the inside of the skull.   This may cause bleeding, bruising, tearing of brain cells, and other direct brain damage.   Brain tissue is soft.   The force of a blow can literally tear brain cells apart.   Once a traumatic brain injury occurs, there is risk of additional damage over the next several days due to lack of oxygen or reduced blood flow or medical complications.

 

A traumatic brain injury can occur even when nothing directly strikes the skull.   Sudden acceleration and deceleration of the head, such as in a car crash, can result in a brain injury.   This force can be so strong that it tears apart cells inside the brain.   This is called a diffuse axonal injury. Violent shaking can tear veins in the brain.   This can result in bleeding and blood accumulation that increase pressure on brain structures, risking still further injury.

 

Blasts and explosions can cause traumatic brain injuries when bullets or shrapnel penetrate the skull and enter the brain.   Change in air pressure with the blast can damage the brain.   This can send shock waves through the brain and injure very soft brain tissue.   The force of the blast can throw a person to the ground or against an object, causing a brain injury when the head hits something.   A blast may also contribute to a non-traumatic brain injury.   For example, a person may stop breathing due to the force of the blast.   Poisonous chemicals released from the blast can injure the brain.

 

The causes and effects of a traumatic brain injury vary with each person.   The location and size of the blow or impact determine what parts of the brain are injured.   No two traumatic brain injuries are alike.

 

Stroke or cardiovascular accidents (CVA)

Stroke may be caused by an interruption of blood flow in the brain, referred to as an ischemic stroke.   Blood carries nutrients and oxygen that the brain needs to create energy to function.   When an artery is blocked, brain cells cannot receive the blood needed to make energy.  If the artery remains blocked for more than a few minutes, brain cells in the blocked areas of the brain may die. This is why immediate medical treatment is absolutely critical.

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